旗袍、武侠……当《牛津词典》遇上中文词

《牛津英语词典》（The Oxford English Dictionary）依历史原则编纂，是英语世界最大、最权威的英语词典。自2010年底整合资源，更新条目、定义与书证后，以在线版的形态重新问世。在线版的《牛津英语词典》收录了300个左右源自中文的词汇，或音译（loanword）或借译（loan translation）。

1、qipao 旗袍

【词源】

[< Chinese qípáo (Wade-Giles tranion ch’ip’ao), lit. ‘banner dress’ <qí banner + páo gown. ]

源自中文，本义为 “旗人的袍子”

The dress was so called with reference to the Manchu people who ruled China during the Qing dynasty: they were organized into groups designated by different coloured banners, and consequently the term qírén ‘bannermen’ became a way to refer to Manchus. The one-piece garment was characteristic of Manchu dress, as distinct from the two-piece styles used by Han Chinese women.

这种妇女服饰得名自清朝统治中国的满族。满族人民依不同颜色的旗帜而分类编制，因此“旗人”这个说法便用来指称满族。这种连身的衣服是满族妇女的特色服饰，有别于汉族妇女所穿的两截式风格。

【定义】

n. A type of dress traditionally worn by Chinese women, typically having a high mandarin collar, a split skirt, and a fitted bodice with an asymmetrical closure extending from the neck to the right underarm; = cheongsam.

一种中国妇女所穿的传统连衣裙，一般为直领，裙摆开衩，腰部以上合身，开襟不对称，由领口开到右侧腋下。亦作cheongsam。

【书证】

When she struts about the stage..., her tight-fitting Chinese ‘qipao’, slit to the hip, flares open to reveal slender legs.

她在台上昂首阔步，身上穿着开衩至臀部的紧身旗袍，展露出修长的双腿。——《纽约时报》（The New York Times），1984/1/30

During a break, Madam Fu changes quickly into a navy blue qipao tastefully complemented with a peach apron.

休息时，傅夫人立即换上一件深蓝色的旗袍，搭配一条桃色的围裙，雅致而有品位。——新加坡《海峡时报》（The Strait Times），1992/10/20

2、tuina 推拿

【词源】

[< Chinese tuīná (early 17th cent.) < tuī pull + ná grasp. ]

源自中文“推拿”（最初于17世纪早期见诸文献）

【定义】

n. In traditional Chinese medicine: a type of therapeutic massage, incorporating the principles of acupressure and qigong, used to treat muscle or joint pain and other ailments.

在中医里，指的是一种结合指压与气功原理的治疗式按摩，用来治疗肌肉关节疼痛和其他疾病。

【书证】

Tui-Na is very hard to learn and very hard to teach.

推拿极难学也极难教。——美国《芝加哥论坛报》（Chicago Tribune），1979/3/7

Tuina works on muscle and bone problems... as well as internal ailments.

推拿能治疗肌肉和骨头的毛病，对体内的病痛也能见效。——美国《俄勒冈人报》（The Oregonian），1988/10/13

3、wuxia 武侠

【词源】

[< Chinese wǔxiá (Wade-Giles tranion wu-hsia) genre of Chinese historical fiction < wǔ military, martial + xiá skilled and chivalrous wandering martial artist.]

源自中文“武侠”，中国历史小说的一种（威妥玛拼音作wu-hsia）

【定义】

n. An itinerant swordsman or warrior of ancient China. Freq. attrib., esp. designating a genre of Chinese historical fiction or martial arts films featuring such warriors, who are often depicted as capable of superhuman feats. Hence also simply: this genre of fiction or film.

中国古代四处游历的剑客或武士。常用做定语，特指一种中国的历史小说或武术电影，主角常被描绘为身怀绝技的武士。因此也仅指这类小说或电影。

【书证】

The world of the Wuxia—warriors of the Confucian era—is a world apart from society.

武侠的世界，亦即孔子时代武士的世界，与社会有天壤之别。——法国《国际先驱论坛报》（International Herald Tribune），2000/10/26

Based on the mythical exploits of early swordsmen, wuxia has been a part of Asian cinema since the silent era, but most Westerners got their first taste from Ang Lee’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

武侠片根植于对古代剑客事迹的想象，从默片时代起就是亚洲电影的一环。然而一直要等到李安拍出了《卧虎藏龙》，多数的西方人才得以初尝武侠的滋味。 ──美国《联机》（Wired）杂志，2004/8

4、woo 麻将中的“和”

【词源】

[Origin unknown.]

来源不明（按：笔者猜测，可能源自吴语）

【定义】

v.= mah-jong v. To complete one’s hand at the game of mah-jong; to win a game of mah-jong.

亦作mah-jong（动词）：打麻将时手中的牌完成了组合；打麻将获得胜利。

【书证】

A player whose hand contains a false set has a ‘foul hand’, and cannot woo.

玩家手中的牌若一组有误即属犯规，不能和。——《中国式麻将》（Mah Jong Chinese Way），1943

When he completes his hand, four sets and a pair, a player may woo or mah-jong by showing his whole hand. He wins the deal, ending play.

玩家手中的牌合成了四组加一对，翻开所有的牌就可以和了。一人和牌游戏就结束。——《斯卡尼游戏百科全书》（Scarne’s Encyclopedia of Games），1973

5 red-cooking 红烧

【词源】

[after Chinese hóngshāo to braise in soy sauce, lit. ‘to cook red’ (< hóng red + shāo to burn, heat, cook)]

借译自中文“红烧”（红red + 烧to cook），以酱油焖煮

【定义】

n. a form of Chinese cookery in which meat or fish is fried quickly and then stewed in soya sauce.

一种中餐烹调法，先将肉和鱼快炒，再放到酱油里炖煮。

【书证】

Red-cooking is stewing with soy sauce, some materials needing pre-frying, some not. It is so-called because the soysauce juice gives a reddish colour.

红烧是用酱油炖煮，有些材料要先炒过，有些不用。之所以称做红烧，是因为酱油让它带点红色。——《做、吃中餐》（How to Cook and Eat in Chinese），1956

Chinese ‘red cooking’ is a term generally applied to cooking with dark soy sauce.

中国的“红烧”一般指的是以深色酱油烹调。——《原色》（Primary Colors），1994

6 ganbei 干杯

【词源】

[<Chinese gānbēi < gān empty, dry + bēi cup]

源自中文“干杯”

【定义】

n. A Chinese drinking-toast, a call to drain one’s glass. Also as v. intr. and trans., to drink (as) a toast.

中国式的祝酒，要人喝干杯中酒所说的话。亦作不及物动词和及物动词。

【书证】

One of the cordial customs in China is to ganbei a Maotai—to down in one dash a glass of the country’s famous colourless wheat-based liquor.

在中国，一个表示友好的习俗是把茅台给干了——也就是一口气喝下一杯中国知名的、以小麦为原料的白酒。——澳大利亚《信使报》（Courier-Mail），1976/7/7

Many ganbei, or toasts, drunk with mao-tai whisky, cloyingly sweet orange soda or cool, refreshing Chinese beer were raised.

很多人举杯喊“干了”（即祝酒），喝的是类似威士忌的茅台、甜的发腻的橙子汽水、还有清凉爽口的中国啤酒。——《时代杂志》（Time），1987/4/13

来源：外研社K12